To diagnose multiple myeloma, doctors use a combination of tests and evaluations. Here are the key steps involved:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination
- Detailed questions about symptoms (e.g., fatigue, bone pain, frequent infections).
- Family history of myeloma or blood cell disorders.
- Exposure to Show Full Answer

To diagnose multiple myeloma, doctors use a combination of tests and evaluations. Here are the key steps involved:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination:
- Detailed questions about symptoms (e.g., fatigue, bone pain, frequent infections).
- Family history of myeloma or blood cell disorders.
- Exposure to chemicals or radiation.
- Physical exam to check for signs like anemia, bone pain, weight loss, neuropathy, or edema.

2. Blood and Urine Tests:
- Blood Tests: Can reveal anemia, high calcium levels, elevated creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, low albumin levels, and elevated beta-2 microglobulin levels.
- Urine Tests: Can provide evidence pointing to multiple myeloma.

3. Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy:
- Collection of liquid and solid bone marrow samples, usually from the hip bone.
- Analysis of bone marrow tissue to assess abnormal plasma cells.
- Cytogenetic studies to examine genes and chromosomes of the cells.

4. Imaging Tests:
- X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, and PET scans to determine lesions or damage in bones or soft tissues.

5. Diagnostic Criteria:
- Evidence from tests such as cancer cells in bone marrow, kidney dysfunction, abnormal proteins in blood, low red blood cell levels, and imaging scans showing tumors.
- Signs of organ damage like hypercalcemia, decreased kidney function, anemia, and bone lesions.

6. Staging:
- Blood work to assess serum albumin levels, beta macroglobulin levels, serum light chain assay, and serum protein electrophoresis.
- Urine electrophoresis.
- Bone marrow examination and cytogenetic study.
- Imaging techniques like PET scans.

These steps help confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent and stage of multiple myeloma, guiding treatment options.

 This AI-generated response comes from MyMyelomaTeam and other selected sources. It is not a substitute for medical advice. Always ask your doctor about specific health concerns.

Multiple Myeloma – The Path to Diagnosis | MyMyelomaTeam

Understanding the Stages of Multiple Myeloma: Q&A With Dr. Mohan | MyMyelomaTeam