• Every myeloma therapy option comes with potential benefits and potential risks.
• Your doctor will help you understand which of the possible pros and cons apply to you, based on your stage of myeloma, age, and overall health, including any other conditions you have.
• Ultimately, your chosen treatment is a personal decision based on your preferences, priorities, and treatment goals.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, you may feel overwhelmed by cancer treatment options. Although myeloma is generally not curable, the effectiveness of new treatments continues to increase survival.

Your hematologist-oncologist, or blood cancer specialist, will recommend a treatment regimen based on multiple factors. Details about your age, overall health, and stage of myeloma, as well as any other conditions you may have, all play roles in determining which treatment will work best for you. In shared decision-making, you and your oncology specialist work together to choose a treatment plan based on your preferences, priorities, and goals. This article will help you weigh the risks and benefits of different myeloma treatment options to prepare you for an informed discussion with your doctor.

General Risks and Benefits of Cancer Treatment

Multiple myeloma is an uncommon type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies (immune system proteins) to help fight infection. Myeloma causes a person’s plasma cells to grow abnormally and at a rapid, uncontrolled rate.

Cancer treatments have been shown in clinical trials to stop or slow disease progression by killing cancer cells. Doctors prescribe treatments to give a person a better chance of living longer with as few cancer symptoms as possible.

Some treatments have serious side effects that sound scary but are very rare. Therapies also may have very positive potential benefits, but the results may be relatively short-lived. Your personal preferences are important when choosing a treatment. These factors include how you value extra time (months or years) versus side effects that may reduce your quality of life or independence, as well as the financial burden of the treatments.

Myeloma Treatment Risks and Benefits

There are numerous treatments for myeloma. Often your doctor will design a regimen that includes multiple therapies. The potential benefits and risks of the most common treatment options are reviewed below.

Myeloma treatment works best when taken exactly as directed. Read more about the importance of staying on myeloma treatment.

Alkylating Agents and Anthracyclines

Two types of chemotherapy drugs, alkylating agents and anthracyclines, prevent the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting and damaging their DNA. The alkylating agents melphalan (Alkeran) and cyclophosphamide are commonly used to treat people with myeloma, as are the anthracyclines doxorubicin and liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil).

Because these drugs are generally very effective, they’re often prescribed. However, as they work to destroy cancer cells, these medicines also can affect healthy cells in the body. This leads to the common chemotherapy toxicities, or side effects, including:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Anemia (low red blood cell counts)
• Low platelet counts (which can lead to abnormal bleeding)
• Low white blood cell counts
• Hair loss

These agents are also associated with cardiovascular disease or heart failure risk, which is why your doctor will carefully weigh the benefits of these medications against the potential risks. If you already have heart disease, your doctor may deem the risk higher.

Proteasome Inhibitors

Proteasome inhibitors interfere with cancer cells’ waste-removal systems. These medications prevent the cells from disposing of extra proteins, causing the cells to die. Carfilzomib (Kyprolis), ixazomib (Ninlaro), and bortezomib (Velcade) are proteasome inhibitors currently used for treating multiple myeloma.

This commonly prescribed type of myeloma treatment is partly responsible for improved survival and quality of life for people living with multiple myeloma. Some proteasome inhibitors can be taken orally or given as a subcutaneous (under the skin) injection rather than an IV infusion.

Side effects associated with proteasome inhibitors include:

• Fatigue
• Low platelet counts
• Anemia
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Headache
• Fever

Some people also develop peripheral neuropathy — weakness or numbness in the hands and feet due to nerve damage. Drug resistance is also a challenge with proteasome inhibitors. People who initially had good responses to this therapy may stop seeing positive results after a while. Your doctor can help you understand how long the potential benefits might last for you.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors block the function of certain enzymes, interfering with cell division. The HDAC inhibitor panobinostat (Farydak) is usually combined with other medications for cases of refractory multiple myeloma — disease that has stopped responding to other myeloma drugs.

A late-stage study called Panorama 1 showed that panobinostat helped extend survival in people with myeloma. Potential side effects of panobinostat include:

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Severe diarrhea
• Pneumonia
• Infections
• Heart rhythm changes

Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of immunotherapy that has significantly improved treatment options for people living with myeloma. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made molecules designed to attack specific protein targets on the surface of myeloma cells. These medications trigger an immune response that helps kill cancer cells. There are currently four FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple myeloma, each with different side effects.

Daratumumab

Daratumumab (Darzalex) attaches to the CD38 protein on myeloma cells and is given as an IV infusion. Rarely, it may cause a severe reaction that includes breathing trouble and dizziness. The most common side effects are:

• Nausea
• Back pain
• Fever
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Low blood cell counts

Daratumumab and Hyaluronidase-Fihj

This form of daratumumab (Darzalex Faspro), which is combined with hyaluronidase-fihj, is given as a subcutaneous injection. The drug duo has the same risk of side effects as daratumumab alone.

Isatuximab-Irfc

Isatuximab-irfc (Sarclisa) also attaches to the CD38 protein and is given as an IV infusion. In rare cases, it may cause severe reactions such as breathing problems or dizziness. Respiratory infections, diarrhea, and lower blood cell counts are more common side effects.

Elotuzumab

Elotuzumab (Empliciti) recognizes a different protein on the surface of myeloma cells, SLAMF7. You may experience temporary fever, chills, dizziness, or trouble breathing soon after receiving the elotuzumab infusion. Common side effects include:

• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage in the extremities, such as the feet, hands, and arms)
• Upper respiratory tract infections

Bispecific Antibodies

Bispecific antibodies are a type of targeted therapy that stimulates the immune system to zero in on myeloma cancer cells and kill them. These advanced immunotherapy drugs are used when other treatments haven’t been effective. Three bispecific antibodies — elranatamab-bcmm (Elrexfio), talquetamab (Talvey), and teclistamab-cqyv (Tecvayli) — have been approved for myeloma. Side effects include:

• Infections
• Low white blood cell counts
• Low levels of normal antibodies that fight infection

Immunomodulators

Immunomodulators work by boosting immune system response. They can destroy myeloma cells and help prevent cancer cells from sticking together and growing new blood vessels to form tumors. There are three FDA-approved oral immunomodulators: lenalidomide (Revlimid), thalidomide (Thalomid), and pomalidomide (Pomalyst), which is often taken along with the corticosteroid dexamethasone when other therapies haven’t worked.

Immunomodulator side effects, some of which can be serious, include:

• Fatigue or drowsiness
• Constipation
• Low blood cell counts
• Neuropathy
• Blood clots
• Birth defects if taken while pregnant

Nuclear Export Inhibitor

Selinexor (Xpovio) is a nuclear export inhibitor, the first drug of its kind for myeloma. It’s believed to work by preventing cancer cells from getting rid of tumor suppressor proteins. This drug is used in cases of relapsing (returning) myeloma. Side effects include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Fatigue
• Low blood cell counts
• Neuropathy
• Cataract
• Upper respiratory infection

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is an option for single lesions, called plasmacytomas, in the bone or soft tissues. Radiation can help prevent paralysis if a plasmacytoma presses on a nerve and can reduce cancer-associated bone pain.

The risks of radiation therapy include short-term side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and skin damage similar to a sunburn. These reactions usually subside within six months to a year after ending treatment. Nerve damage is a less common side effect. Angiosarcoma, a different type of cancer, is a very rare but serious side effect that can develop later.

Bone Marrow Transplant

In a stem cell transplant, also called a bone marrow transplant, high-dose chemotherapy or radiation is given first to destroy the cancerous cells in the bone marrow. Then the person receives healthy bone marrow cells to form healthy new blood cells. Autologous bone marrow transplant uses a person’s own bone marrow cells, removed from their blood before chemotherapy. This treatment is a long process, involving many steps, but it can make myeloma go away for several years.

Another type of stem cell transplant, allogeneic transplant, involves blood-forming stem cells from a donor. This type of stem cell transplant may provide better anticancer results but has an increased risk of severe complications, such as graft-versus-host disease. Because of this risk, allogeneic transplants are not considered a standard treatment for people with myeloma.

Surgery

Surgery may be recommended in some myeloma cases when plasmacytomas form and cause extreme bone pain or press on spinal nerves. Surgery doesn’t slow the progression of myeloma — it just removes the plasmacytoma — but may rapidly improve quality of life if pain is reduced and function is restored.

Surgery brings the risk of infection, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage), pain, and reactions to the anesthesia. People with myeloma may have increased surgery risks, including in-hospital pneumonia, surgical site infection, and kidney failure.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy harnesses a person’s immune system to fight their cancer. In 2021, the FDA approved idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) for the treatment of myeloma. The study that led to approval showed that tumor burden (number of cancer cells, size of a tumor, or amount of cancer in the body) was completely or partially reduced in 72 percent of participants receiving CAR T-cell therapy, and 33 percent had a complete response to the treatment.

The most commonly reported side effects were low blood cell counts. CAR T-cell therapy can also lead to cytokine release syndrome — a usually mild but potentially severe reaction to proteins the body releases after immunotherapy — and nervous system problems.

Another CAR T-cell therapy, ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Carvykti), was approved in 2022 for some cases of relapsed or refractory myeloma.

Read more facts about myeloma treatments.

Speak With Your Doctor

Only your oncologist can help you understand your own potential benefits and risks from the different types of treatment for myeloma. Although treatment choice is a very personal process, your doctor’s partnership will help you make the most informed decision. Prepare for a discussion with your doctor by writing down all your questions.

Many people find it helpful to bring a trusted family member or friend to help them remember the discussion and avoid accidentally overlooking any questions. It’s important to get the support you need from your medical care team when it comes to maintaining your treatment plan.

Talk With Others Who Understand

On MyMyelomaTeam, the social network for people with multiple myeloma and their loved ones, more than 22,000 members come together to ask questions, give advice, and share their stories with others who understand life with myeloma.

How have you weighed the benefits and risks of different myeloma treatment options? Did your health care provider help you balance the pros and cons of each type of therapy? Share your experience in the comments below, or start a conversation by posting on your Activities page.